Purpose: This study examines how different Collective Management Organization (CMO) models, including monopoly, multi-CMO, and clearinghouse structures, affect organizational sustainability and artist income distribution in Asia.
Research Methodology: Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this study analyzes secondary data from CISAC Global Collections Reports (2019–2024), WIPO publications, and national CMO reports from selected Asian countries. Data were compared through source triangulation to evaluate governance, royalty distribution, and organizational performance.
Results: The findings show that each CMO model has different strengths and challenges. Japan’s monopoly model provides efficiency but raises transparency concerns, Indonesia’s multi-CMO system promotes competition but faces fragmentation issues, while Singapore and South Korea demonstrate stronger digital-based governance approaches.
Conclusions: CMO effectiveness depends on governance quality, regulatory frameworks, institutional maturity, and digital infrastructure rather than a single superior model.
Limitations: The study is limited by secondary data and selected country coverage. Future research should include primary data from artists and CMO administrators.
Contribution: This study contributes to Agency Theory and Institutional Theory by providing insights into Asian CMO governance and recommendations for improving transparent and sustainable royalty management.